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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2015 | Volume
: 4
| Issue : 3 | Page : 179-184 |
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The prevalence of asthma and its related risk factors among the children in Taif area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Fayez Hamam1, Ahmed Eldalo1, Ahmad Albarraq2, Mohammad Khaleel3, Yahya Kaabi2, Adel Al Ghamdi2, Yahya Al Faifi2, Saleh Al Qarni2, Abdullah Al Harbi4
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
3 Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
4 Department of Pediatric, Pediatric allergy and Clinical immunology, Al-Hada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| Date of Web Publication | 9-Dec-2015 |
Correspondence Address:
Fayez Hamam
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif
Saudi Arabia
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2278-0521.171436
Background: The prevalence of asthma has increased considerably in the last few years. Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of asthma and its related risk factors among children in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was carried out. Pretested well-designed questionnaires were distributed during the period from May to October 2014. Results: Parents of 1700 children out of 4000 have completed the questionnaire with a response rate of 42.5%, 1082 (63.6%) of them were male. Asthma prevalence among girls (14.4%) was higher than boys (12.4%), but this was insignificant. Asthma prevalence was significantly higher among Saudi participants (14.4%) than non-Saudi (5.9%). Nature of residency, the presence of a plant or presence of pets at home had no significant effect on asthma prevalence. A smoking of family member and a history of asthma in the family had an important association on asthma prevalence rate. The highest prevalence of asthma (29.7%) was among the younger children (<3 years). Symptoms of asthma enhanced during exercise. The positive association between asthma and both cough and breathlessness was noted. Asthma had no effect on schools absenteeism, visiting or admission to hospitals. Body mass index had no effect on the prevalence of asthma. Conclusion: The asthma prevalence rate among children was 13.1%, whereas smoking and a history of asthma in the family increased this rate. Future studies are recommended to investigate asthma prevalence based on clinical and laboratory diagnosis to explore the link between asthma and obesity. Keywords: Asthma, prevalence, risk factors, Taif
How to cite this article:
Hamam F, Eldalo A, Albarraq A, Khaleel M, Kaabi Y, Al Ghamdi A, Al Faifi Y, Al Qarni S, Al Harbi A. The prevalence of asthma and its related risk factors among the children in Taif area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Health Sci 2015;4:179-84 |
How to cite this URL:
Hamam F, Eldalo A, Albarraq A, Khaleel M, Kaabi Y, Al Ghamdi A, Al Faifi Y, Al Qarni S, Al Harbi A. The prevalence of asthma and its related risk factors among the children in Taif area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Health Sci [serial online] 2015 [cited 2023 Jun 9];4:179-84. Available from: https://www.saudijhealthsci.org/text.asp?2015/4/3/179/171436 |
| Introduction | |  |
Asthma is considered the major common chronic disease in children; it is characterized by repeated attacks of breathlessness and wheezing. The prevalence of asthma has increased considerably in the last few years in many countries. World Health Organization estimates that 235 million people currently suffer from asthma, thus, placing a huge burden on health resources in many countries.[1]
Asthma is one of the most common chronic disorders in Saudi Arabia as more than 2 million Saudis suffer from asthma.[2] Under-diagnosis and under-treatment of asthma resulted in a considerable burden on individuals and families and often limits individuals' actions for a life time. The prevalence of asthma is on rise in the past few years in many countries including the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The impact of asthma is not confined to the patients themselves, but their families and the community are also affected. The socioeconomic consequences of asthma are manifested in terms of lost work and school absenteeism, low quality of life, repeated visits to emergency rooms, hospitalizations, and finally deaths.[2],[3],[4],[5] Although asthma is a non-curable chronic disease; it has a relatively low mortality rate compared to similar chronic diseases. Local reports in the Kingdom suggested that the prevalence of asthma is increasing in spite of the abundance of high quality health services and the availability of worldwide guidelines. For example, Al Frayh et al.[6] conducted a 9-year cross-sectional study to compare the prevalence rate of asthma among schoolchildren living in different regions of the Kingdom (Riyadh vs. Hail, Jeddah vs. Gizan). This study had shown that the prevalence of bronchial asthma among schoolchildren in the similar individuals increased considerably from 8% in 1986 to 23% in 1995. Furthermore, it indicated high exposure to environmental causes of asthma (smoking and indoor pets), probably through fast changes in the lifestyle of Saudi society (effects of modern life). A similar study was conducted in Al-Khobar city by Al-Dawood.[7] The prevalence rate of asthma among schoolchildren was 9.5% (141/1482). A cross-sectional questionnaire study was carried using 1,020 urban and 424 rural 12-year-old children. The prevalence of allergic symptoms was significantly higher in urban children than in rural children, and among Saudi compared to non-Saudi Arab children. This study found that socioeconomic status had no effect on the prevalence of asthma. An interesting finding of this study was an increase in the prevalence of allergic disease among Saudi children while non-Saudi children have not been affected.[8] Children aged 7–12 years were investigated for asthma patterns using a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study in two regions (Dammam vs. Riyadh) of Saudi Arabia (1986–1989). Symptoms of wheezing, rhinitis, and eczema among children in Riyadh were more common than their counterparts in Dammam. Asthma prevalence (9.28%) is significantly (P < 0.05) higher among children in Riyadh compared to children in Dammam (3.59%). This study found a statistically significant link between asthma and breathlessness, father smoke, having pets, usually cough, and family history of allergy. A cross-sectional study compared the prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma among Saudi school children in an industrial city of Yanbu, to 2 non-industrial communities (Al-Furash and Al-Gafur). The prevalence of asthma in Yanbu (13.9%) was much higher than the villages (8%).[9] Al-Kabbaa et al.[10] found that only 39% of primary care health workers meet the standards of the domestic guidelines in asthma management. Further, the general level of awareness among physicians was poor (52%). Their skills in overall knowledge, diagnosis, arrangement of severity, and management of asthma was also poor. The prevalence of asthma and related symptoms in 16- to 18-year-old youths (1504 boys and 1569 girls) going to high schools in Riyadh was investigated using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children questionnaire. This questionnaire-diagnosed asthma revealed that the prevalence of lifetime wheeze (25.3%), wheeze during the last 12 months (18.5%), and physician-diagnosed asthma (19.6%). The prevalence rate of exercise-triggered wheezing and coughing during the night in the last 12 months was 20.2% and 25.7%, respectively.[11] The exact prevalence of asthma in adults in Saudi Arabian is unknown; but Alamoudi [4] conducted a 5-year retrospective study that reviewed records of hospitalized adult patients with respiratory disorders at the King Abdulaziz University Hospital (Jeddah, KSA) from 1996 to 2000. This study revealed that bronchial asthma (38.6%) was the most prevalent respiratory disorders among the age group 46–65 years.[4] The general prevalence of asthma among Saudi children was reported to be from 8% to 25%, the highest prevalence (25%) of physician-diagnosed asthma in KSA was reported by Sobki and Zakzouk in 2004.[12] In conclusion, epidemiological studies in Saudi Arabia showed the prevalence of asthma is on rise in the past 30 years, probably due to fast changes in lifestyle related to the modernization of Saudi society, changes in food habits, and increased exposure to environmental causes of asthma such as indoor allergens. Moreover, the increase in asthma prevalence could be explained in terms of an increase in awareness of asthma among the general public and healthcare workers. Thus more individuals were diagnosed with asthma.
It is very clear that from previously mentioned studies, there is a hole in the scientific literature concerning the prevalence of asthma in the Taif area. This study focused on evaluating the link between asthma and its related risk factors among children in Taif City, and to compare these results and relate them to the sex of participants, a range of environmental causes of asthma (e.g., indoor allergen, outdoor allergen, tobacco smoke, and air pollution), and genetics. It explored the link between asthma, and the use and appropriateness of prophylactic drugs, visiting a family doctor, admission to a hospital, and prevalence of asthma. Finally, it compared asthma prevalence among the residence in different areas of the Taif city.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Study design
A cross-sectional study was conducted during the period from May to October 2014.
Study area and study population
The study included all children attending schools, or two major hospitals in Taif city during the time of the study. Taif city is located on the eastern slopes of the Al-Sarawat Mountains above Makkah and Jeddah, and it is elevated about 5,600 ft meters above sea-level. According to the Central Department of Statistics and Information, residents of Taif are 1109, 84 (884,107 Saudi and 225,739 non-Saudi).[13] Its climate is much cooler and pleasanter than Jeddah, Makkah, or Riyadh. Riyadh or extreme humid climate of coastal regions such as Jeddah and Dammam.[14] Taif city was divided into four regions: East, West, North, and South; in addition, to the outpatients clinics of Al-Hada Military Hospital and the Pediatric Hospital, Taif. A consent form was explained by a collaborating physician at the outpatients clinics of Al-Hada Military Hospital and the Children's Hospital and members of the research team (candidate clinical pharmacists), and signed by the parents prior the completion of the questionnaire.
Sampling technique and sample size
A convenient sampling method was adopted. A total of 4000 questionnaires were distributed to representative schools in the four regions of Taif city as well as to the outpatient clinics of the collaborating hospitals.
Study instrument
A pretested and precoded questionnaire was explained by a member of the research team and completed by the parents. This questionnaire explored the association of asthma and the environmental factors, including indoor allergen (e.g., pets at home such as bird, cat), outdoor allergen (e.g., pollens and molds), presence of a smoking family member, and air pollution (i.e., living near industrial zones). It also explored the link between asthma and age (<3 , 3–6, 6–12, and 12–18 years). Visit the emergency room, admission to a hospital, and the use and appropriateness of prophylactic drugs were other variables that were investigated by this questionnaire.
Data analysis and statistical tests
Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS, version 22, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Mean, frequencies as percentages were used to describe variables. Chi-square analysis was used to test the association between the participants' demographic characteristics and the variables. One-way ANOVA Tukey test was used to calculate the statistical significance among several variables, assuming equal variance. The significance of the differences was calculated at a 95% confidence interval (CI), and P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
The study was revised and ethically approved by the Committee of Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy. Permission was obtained from the Ministry of Education, Taif and the administration of two participated hospitals.
| Results and Discussion | | |
Four thousand questionnaires were distributed to the parents in the six selected locations. Parents of 1700 children gave their consent and have completed the questionnaires with response rate (42.5%), 1082 (63.6%) out of the participants were male. Asthma prevalence rate among girls (14.4%) was higher than boys (12.4%) but this was statistically insignificant (P > 0.05%) [Table 1]. Average asthma prevalence rate (13.4%) among children in Taif was higher than that found in Riyadh (9.28%) and Dammam (3.59%).[5] On contrast, asthma prevalence of the present study was within the national range (8–23%) in the Kingdom.[15] It was also agreed with those of Bener et al.,[16] who found that the prevalence of asthma in Yanbu, Saudi Arabia was 13.9%. | Table 1: Demographic characteristics of school children and out patient visitors' participants
Click here to view |
Majority of participants 1460 (85.9%) were Saudi, while only 205 (12.1%) were non-Saudi [Table 1]. Asthma rate was significantly (P < 0.05) higher among Saudi children (14.4%) than non-Saudi (5.9%) [Table 1]. Our results agreed with those of Bener et al.,[9] who found higher rate of allergic disease among Saudi children than non-Saudi. The difference in asthma rate among Saudi and non-Saudi children live in the same urban was interesting. The exact nationality of each non-Saudi child was not included in the questionnaire. It would be difficult to explain the low rate of asthma among non-Saudi children. Therefore, further studies should be conducted to investigate differences in asthma rate between these two groups living in Taif area.
The majority of participants 1329 (96.1%) live in Taif city while only 54 (3.9%) live in rural areas around Taif [Table 1]. However, the rate of asthma was higher in rural areas (16.7%) than urban areas (12.4%) but this difference was insignificant (P > 0.05). Theoretically, asthma rate should be higher in children in an urban environment than rural areas, possibly due to increased aeroallergen (indoor and outdoor). Results presented here disagreed with other studies.[9],[13] For example, Bener et al.[16] found that physician-diagnosed asthma rate in the industrial city of Yanbu (13.9%) was higher than the corresponding rate (8%) in two non-industrial villages. Nature of residency (i.e. villa, condo, and popular house) has no effect on asthma [Table 1]. Furthermore, the presence of a plant at home had no significant effect (P = 0.907) on the prevalence of asthma [Table 2]. Although 16.6% of asthmatic participant mentioned that they have pets at home compared to 12.8% of asthmatic children that they do not have them, this factor seemed to have no considerable (P = 0.132) impact on asthma rate. Our results were inconsistent with those of Al-Dawood,[3] who found a positive link between asthma and presence of pets at homes of school boys in Al-Khobar city, KSA. A similar association was reported by Al Frayh et al.[15] | Table 2: The relation between prevalence of asthma and different risk factors
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Smoking of a family member has a significant (P < 0.001) positive impact on asthma prevalence rate among asthmatic children (39.0%) compared to nonasthmatic (8%) [Table 2]. This finding clearly indicated that increase exposure to tobacco enhances prevalence of asthma via irritating inflamed bronchial airways. The positive association between smoking tobacco and asthma of this study is consistent with several research works that conducted in KSA and in the globe.[3],[5],[15],[16] For example, Al Frayh et al.[15] found that 17% of asthmatic children had at least one or more family members were cigarettes smoker.
Age of participations was divided into four categories: <3, 3–6, 6–12, and 12–18. The highest prevalence of asthma (29.7%) was reported among the younger children (<3 years), followed by the group aged 3–6 years (28.9%), the lowest prevalence (11.1%) was reported for children aged 12–18 years [Table 1]. Results revealed that prevalence of asthma is decreasing significantly (P = 0.001) as the children getting older, possibly airways could develop some kind of protection with advancing age. Our results agreed with those of Al Frayh et al.,[15] who found that asthma rate decreases as age increases. There was a significant (P = 0.003) association between asthma prevalence rate and genetics, as 17.1% of asthmatic children have their parents suffer from bronchial asthma while only 11.6% of nonasthmatic children have normal (no signs of asthma) parents [Table 2].
[Table 2] shows asthma rate among the six different data collection sites. School children in Taif North showed the highest asthma rate (14.0%) among their counterparts living in other places of Taif city, whereas Taif South showed the lowest asthma rate (6.1%) [Table 2]. Results of the current study indicated that there was a significant difference (P < 0.001) in asthma prevalence between these four regions [Table 2]. It could be explained through increased aeroallergen in Taif North, possibly due to the presence of many farms, the industrial zone, Taif International Airport, and the air base. Although children living near the industrial zone in Taif South did not exhibit the same rate of asthma. Thus, further studies should be conducted to investigate these results. When comparing asthma rates among children visiting the Children's Hospital and Al-Hada Military Hospital, it was very clear that asthma prevalence rate (34.1%) was considerably (P < 0.001) higher among asthmatic children at the Pediatric Hospital than those visiting the Military Hospital [Table 2].
Results of this study indicated that body mass index (BMI) had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on asthma [Table 2]. Furthermore, further statistical analysis confirmed such a result as 95% CIs were insignificant. This finding regarding the relationship between BMI and asthma was against expectation. The lungs of obese people are under expanded, and the size of breath is smaller than normal nonobese persons. Furthermore, obese persons have low-grade systemic inflammation that stemmed from inflammation of fat tissues. Therefore, these factors may cause narrowing of lung airways. Another biochemical effect of obesity is variations in the level of serum leptin. These unexpected results should be thoroughly investigated in future. Pulmonary function test (screening for lung capacity), allergy skin pick test, plasma total IgE levels, blood eosinophil counts, and serum leptin levels should be examined, and compared among asthmatic and nonasthmatic obese children.
[Figure 1] showed the percent of asthma symptoms among asthmatic children in Taif city. Results revealed that cough was the most frequent occurred symptoms (33.7%) among asthmatic children. Difficulties in breathing were ranked the second common symptom (21%) while the wheezing prevalence was the least frequent occurred symptom (3.4%). The results presented in this study showed a significant positive association between prevalence of asthma and both cough and breathlessness. Bener et al.[9] found that the frequency of cough, breathlessness, and wheezing among children in Riyadh was 7.9%, 12.13%, and 11.86%, respectively. Furthermore, these symptoms were occurring more frequently in Riyadh (dry-inland) compared to Dammam (humid-coastal).
[Figure 2] showed that 58.8% of participants used inhalation bronchodilator for the treatment of asthma while 20.0% of asthmatic children used syrup. One interesting finding of this study was the time of diagnosis of asthma. About half (48.1%) of children suffer from asthma symptoms were diagnosed less than 1 year from the start of the present study [Figure 3]. | Figure 3: Diagnosis time of asthma among participated asthmatic children in Taif (n = 1700)
Click here to view |
When the parents have been asked about frequency of their children suffer from asthma symptoms in the past 6 months. One-third of the respondents (33%) indicated that their asthmatic children had asthma symptoms once per se ason. While 25% of children mentioned that, their children did not experience asthma in the last 6 months. Asthmatic children that experienced symptoms more frequently were (once per month) constitute 16% [Table 3].
The majority of asthmatic participants 109 (52.7%) (data not shown) experienced symptoms during exercise, while 98 (47.3%) (data not shown) of children did not have exercise-induced asthma symptoms. Al-Moamary et al.[2] found that exercise-stimulated wheeze (57.4%) in school children in Riyadh. Matsumoto et al.[16] found that a 6-week swimming program has a protective role against exercise-triggered asthma. Exercise stimulated asthma could be due to a change in osmolarity of the lining fluid of the airways, possibly due heat and water loss to the inspired air.[16] However, the exact mechanism is still not fully understood, and thus, further studies should be carried out to investigate such mechanism.
Most of the asthmatic children participating in this study visited a family doctor once per se ason (51.4%) in the last 6 months, while 14.0% of children have seen their doctor once per month, and 11% have mentioned that they visited their doctors once per 3 months [Table 3]. Al-Dawood [3] found that 65.2% of children in Al-Khobar city have visited a hospital emergency services in the present academic year compared to 34.8% of asthmatic school boys have used such services.
[Table 3] showed that the majority of asthmatic children (56.5%) did not experience difficulties in sleeping due to asthma during the last 6 months, where 23.6% of children with asthma had difficulties in sleeping.
Regarding the effects of asthma on school absenteeism, 56% of participated asthmatic children did not absent from their schools in the past academic year, while the remaining (44%) were absent from school at varying levels. Al-Dawood [3] reported that the mean period of school absenteeism (13.6 ± 3.4) in an academic year among asthmatic schoolchildren in Al-Khobar city (KSA). In the same context, 73.0% of asthmatic children never admitted to a hospital for the past 6 months, while 18% of the participants said that they have been admitted to a hospital once in the past 6 months. Al-Dawood [3] found similar results as 87.9% of school boys of Al-Khobar city never admitted to a hospital because of asthma [Table 3].
| Conclusion | | |
The asthma prevalence rate among children was (13.1%) within the national range (8–23%) in the Kingdom, whereas smoking and a history of asthma in the family increased this rate. Future studies are recommended to investigate asthma prevalence based on clinical and laboratory diagnosis to explore the link between asthma and obesity.
Acknowledgments
The authors were gratefully acknowledged the administration and staff of Al-Hada Armed Forces Hospital and Children's Hospital in Taif for facilitating this study. The authors also thank the Ministry of Education, Taif, Saudi Arabia, and all schools that helps us to carry out this study.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
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